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BOLIVIA

Parts of Bolivia, a land-locked mountainous area in central South America, were under the Incan Empire until the Spanish arrived in the early 16th century A.D.  They named the area Alto Peru, as a dependency of the Viceroyalty of Peru. In 1776 it was transferred to the newly formed Viceroyalty of La Plata.  In 1544, they discovered the vast silver deposits and founded Potosi as a mining and minting centre of New Spain. Independence was declared in 1825 by an assembly which met in Chuqisaca (now Sucre). General Antonio Jose de Sucre, who commanded Colombian troops, played a leading role in the defeat of the Spanish garrison, and was elected as the first president. The following year a constitution was drawn up by Simon Bolivar and adopted. It was then that the country adopted the name of Bolivia.  Several wars were fought with neighboring countries, Peru and Chile.  The country had a tumultuous history throughout most of its existence. In 1952 a revolutionary party (Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario - MNR) seized control of the government. This led to the expropriation of the mines by the state and to agrarian reform, by which the large estates were divided among former tenants and peasants. Before it was deposed by the army in 1964, the MNR introduced far-reaching economic and social changes. Over the next 25 years (1964-1989) Bolivia has 19 presidents (13 were generals), with only two completing a full term in office.

The first coins were minted by the Spaniards at the Potosi mint during the Reign of Philip II (1556-1598). This mintmark is a monogram for the letters PTS and the coinage was very extensive.  Spanish colonial coins were minted through 1825. Republican coinage was issued starting in 1827.  

Bolivia 1838 8E.jpg (146415 bytes)

8 Escudo - 1838-SLP

KM-99 - 27,0 g - 35,6mm

Edge - Reeded

This coin 's obverse features a bust of Simon Bolivar (b1783-d1830) surrounded by the Spanish legend LIBRE POR LA CONSTITUTION (Free by the Constitution) and BOLIVAR at the bottom.  The reverse has a Bolivian scene of the sun, a llama, mountains, a sheaf of wheat, and a sprig.  The Spanish legend REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA is around the top. The mintmark (a monogram of SLP), the denomination 8 S, the date 1839, and the assayers' mark L.M (for Luis de Aguilar and Diego Miguel Lopez).


BOTSWANA

Botswana is a southern African republic that was formerly known as Bechuanaland, a British colony, until independence in 1966.

Gold coinage is struck at the Swiss Federal Mint in Berne.

10 Thebe - 1966

KM-002 - 11,290 g -  24 mm

Mintage - 5.100

This coin commemorates the attainment of independence.  The obverse features a bust of President Seretse Khama (b1921-d1980) the first chief of State.  The reverse has the national arms with the mintmark B (for the Berne, Switzerland mint).  The lened INDEPENDENCE 30 SEPTEMBER 1966 is around the top half of the arms.  At the bottom is the denomination 10 THEBE.


BRAZIL

Brazil was discovered by the Portuguese led by Admiral Pedro Alvares Cabral, who began the colonial period in 1500.  The first settlement was established in 1532. The Dutch established settlements in the early 17th century A.D.  They founded the WIC (West Indische Compagnie) in 1621 and were successful in establishing a foothold in Brazil and called it Nieuw Holland. The Portuguese resisted these attempts at Dutch colonization and finally expelled them in from their last stronghold Recife in 1654.  In 1807, as Napoleon Bonaparte closed in on Portugal's capital city of Lisbon, the Prince Regent Dom Joćo transferred his seat of government to Rio de Janeiro. In 1821 Dom Joćo returned  to Lisbon, and  he left his son Dom Pedro I in charge of Brazil. When Dom Joćo attempted the following year to return Brazil to subordinate status as a colony, his son Dom Pedro I declared the country's independence from Portugal and set himself up as emperor.  In 1889, the military revolted, Dom Pedro II abdicated and fled Brazil, and a republic was established.

Brazilian coinage began with the counterstamping of Portuguese coins in the early 17th century A.D. Coins were struck at Brazilian mints starting in the late 1600s. The Dutch issued gold coinage at Pernambuco in 1645-6 and these pieces are very rare.

20.000 Reis - 1851

KM-461 - 17,93 g - 30,5 mm

Mintage - 0,303M

The obverse features a bust of Emperor Dom Pedro II (b1825-d1891) with the Latin inscription for PETRVS II. D.G.G.IMP. ET PREP. BRAS.DEF (PETER II BY GRACE OF GOD CONSTITUTIONAL EMPEROR AND PERPETUAL DEFENDER OF BRAZIL) around the bust and the date 1851 below the bust. Dom Pedro was banished in 1889 after the fall of the Empire and he spent his remaining days living in France.  The reverse has the royal coat of arms with the Latin motto above meaning IN HOC S. VINCES (IN THIS SIGN YOU WILL CONQUER) at the top. Peter was the last emperor of Brazil as Brazil declared itself a republic in 1889.  

There are more Brazilian gold coins in this section if you are interested - Page Brazil 1


BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS

Arawak Indians settled the British Virgin Islands around 100 BC, migrating from the Orinoco Basin in South America. A peaceloving tribe, they were hounded out by the more aggressive Caribs, who arrived from South America in the mid-15th century. It was only a few decades later that Columbus named the islands Las Vķrgenes in a somewhat obscure reference to St Ursula and her 11,000 virgins.  The Spanish settled only to mine copper on Virgin Gorda in the early 17th century. The Europeans were harassed by Caribs and by pirates who attacked galleons carrying riches back to Spain. An assortment of colorful characters sailed through the surrounding waters, including pirates Henry Morgan, Sir John Hawkins and Blackbeard, and English sea dog Sir Francis Drake. As Spain declined as a colonial power, ownership of the islands shifted about until the Dutch established a permanent settlement on Tortola in 1648. The English ousted the Dutch from Tortola in 1672, and from Anegada and Virgin Gorda in 1680.  In 1917, the United States purchased the adjacent Danish West Indies (US Virgin Islands) as a strategic outpost in the Caribbean. Meanwhile, farming spurred economic growth and plodding social reform on the British Virgin Islands, prompting moves toward self government.  In 1967, islanders were finally given the right to administer their own affairs.

BVI 1975 $100.JPG (60360 bytes)

100 Dollars - 1975

KM-008 - 7,10 g -  24,6mm - 0,900 Au

Edge - Reeded

Mintage - 0,023M

This NCLT "coin" was issued to commemorate the Queen's 50th birthday.  The obverse has the Machin bust of the Queen (b1926) with her royal title ELIZABETH THE SECOND to the left and the country's name BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS to the right. The date 1975 is at the bottom.  The reverse has a tern in flight with the denomination 100 DOLLARS around the bottom..  The Franklin Mint mintmark and the fineness 900/1000 FINE GOLD is under the bird.


BRAUNSCHWEIG-LUNEBERG

Brunswick-Lunenburg 1814.jpg (48974 bytes)

5 Thaler - 1814

KM-101 - 6,65 g -  23mm 

Edge - Engrailed

Mintage - Unknown

The obverse of this coin features the British royal arms with the duchy's arms superimposed on the centre within the Order of the Garter. The Latin legend GEORGIVS III -D-G-BRITTANIARVM REX-F-D (George III By Grace of God King of the Britons Defender of the Faith) circles the arms. The reverse has the denomination V THALER, the date 1814, and the mintmaster's initials T.W. in the centre with the regent's title in Latin BRVNSVICENS ET LVNEBVRG DUX-S-R-I-A-T-ET-E around the periphery. In 1837 it was renamed the Kingdom of Hannover after the capital city. 


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